Mantle

Subduction forces and flow pattern

Conceptual illustration for the basic forces and mantle flow pattern around subduction zones.

Tectonic and mantle convection regimes

Conceptual illustration of different styles (regimes) of tectonics and mantle convection, which are relevant for rocky planets.

Planetary spheres art

100-km depth contours outline the basic radial compositional structure of the planetary interiors of Earth, Mars, Venus, and Mercury.

Planetary spheres

Planetary interiors represented by 100-km depth contours outlining the basic compositional structure.

Earth’s mantle heterogeneity theories

Conceptual model sketches for proposed compositional structures of Earth's mantle, including "Marble cake", "Thermo-chemical piles", and "Mid-mantle blobs" theories.

Earth’s elements

The most common elements inside the planet Earth.

Seismic mantle tomography maps

Surface projected global horizontal seismic S-wave velocity anomaly maps for different mantle depths revealing the two large low shear-wave velocity provinces (LLSVPs).

Seismic wave travel paths

A schematic highlighting the travel paths of seismic waves through the Earth’s interior.

Earth processes

A schematic highlighting some of the most relevant Earth processes.