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Category: Conceptual illustrations

Conceptual illustrations in science are “freehand” drawings to portray certain concepts qualitatively. Instead of directly representing data, they are visualising the current knowledge.

Seismic stratal termination

An example of outlining main stratal terminations and related interpretation of seismic reflectors.

An example of outlining main stratal terminations and related interpretation of seismic reflectors. The main seismic terminations are onlap, toplap, and downlap. Onlap terminations consist of semi-horizontal or shallowly dipping younger units against older units, toplap terminations consist of dipping units that are truncated against a relatively horizontal reflector in their upper parts, and downlap terminations consist of more steeply dipping units against an underlying reflector with relatively lower dip. The two seismic examples shown are portions of 2D multi-channel seismic reflection profiles surveyed by the Alfred-Wegener Institute of Polar Research (AWI) in the the Nansen Basin of the Arctic Ocean.

This figure was encouraged by iEarth 2022 seed funds.

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Slab tearing (sketch)

Sketch of laterally progressing slab detachment and resulting inflow of asthenospheric material into the opening gap.

Sketch of laterally progressing slab detachment. The concentration of slab pull forces towards a narrowing part of the subducted plate (slab) produces a characteristic pattern of surface-plate subsidence and uplift migrating along strike, and increases trench retreat and inflow of asthenospheric material into the gap resulting from the slab detachment.

  • Creator: Fabio Crameri
  • This version: 21.10.2022
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: This graphic by Fabio Crameri adopted from Wortel and Spakman (2000) is available via the open-access s-Ink.org repository.
  • Related reference: Wortel, M. J. R., & Spakman, W. (2000). Subduction and slab detachment in the Mediterranean-Carpathian region. Science, 290(5498), 1910-1917.
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Earth Sciences advance

Simplified 2-D depth-time diagram representing how the Earth Sciences advance through direct and indirect observations, and physical and conceptual modelling.

Simplified 2-D depth-time diagram representing how the Earth Sciences advance through direct (e.g., rock record) and indirect (e.g., geophysical data) observations, and physical and conceptual modelling.

  • Creator: Fabio Crameri
  • This version: 06.10.2022
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: This graphic by Fabio Crameri inspired by Gerya (2014) is available via the open-access s-Ink.org repository.
  • Related reference: Gerya, T. (2014). Precambrian geodynamics: concepts and models. Gondwana Research, 25(2), 442-463.
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Ecological recovery

Ecological recovery of flora following destruction by ash deposition from the 1883 eruption of Krakatau in Indonesia.

Ecological recovery of flora following destruction by ash deposition from the 1883 eruption of Krakatau in Indonesia.

This figure was encouraged by iEarth 2022 seed funds.

  • Creators: Morgan Jones and M. Bush
  • This version: 15.09.2022
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: This graphic by M. Jones and M. Bush from Jones et al. (2015) presenting data from exoplanet.eu is available via the open-access s-Ink.org repository.
  • Related reference: Jones, M.T., 2015. The environmental and climatic impacts of volcanic ash deposition. In: Schmidt, A., Fristad, K.E., Elkins-Tanton, L.T. (Eds.), Volcanism and global environmental change. Cambridge University Press, pp. 260–274.
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Volcanic ash deposition responses

A schematic diagram illustrating the main terrestrial and oceanic responses to volcanic ash deposition.

A schematic diagram illustrating the main terrestrial and oceanic Earth-system responses to volcanic ash deposition. Volcanic ash, pumice, and tephra ejected in violent eruptions of volcanoes ultimately fall back to Earth where they cover the ground as deposits of abrasive, gritty, and corrosive “snow” that never melts. These deposits vary in thickness and may be thin dustings in the case of small eruptions or when they fall down back to Earth’s surface far away from the erupting volcano.

This figure was encouraged by iEarth 2022 seed funds.

  • Creator: Morgan Jones
  • This version: 15.09.2022
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: This graphic by Morgan Jones from Jones et al. (2015) presenting data from exoplanet.eu is available via the open-access s-Ink.org repository.
  • Related reference: Jones, M.T., 2015. The environmental and climatic impacts of volcanic ash deposition. In: Schmidt, A., Fristad, K.E., Elkins-Tanton, L.T. (Eds.), Volcanism and global environmental change. Cambridge University Press, pp. 260–274.
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Ocean depths

Depth comparison of prominent places in the Earth’s oceans measured from the sea level down.

Depth comparison of prominent places in the Earth’s oceans measured from the sea level down. All icons are to scale.

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Mountain heights

Height comparison of prominent mountains on the Earth measured from their base to their peak.

Height comparison of prominent mountains on the Earth measured from their base to their peak unrelated to their respective height above sea level. Icons of buildings are to scale.

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Puysegur trench formation

A schematic highlighting the formation of the Puysegur trench, New Zealand, where subduction zone initiation may be both horizontally and then vertically driven, according to a 4D evolution model of this margin.

A schematic highlighting the formation of the Puysegur trench, New Zealand, where subduction zone initiation may be both horizontally and then vertically driven, according to a 4D evolution model of this margin. Its gradual evolution from north to south represents a pseudo-temporal sequence of a forming subduction zone, which naturally spans a few millions of years. In the northern segment, where subduction nucleated, horizontal forces may have dominated, representative of the early stages of subduction initiation. With time, vertical forces took over, propagating along the evolving megathrust and helping to finally form a self-sustaining subduction zone.

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Geodynamic modelling philosophies

The two overarching geodynamic modelling philosophies: Specific modelling and generic modelling.

The two overarching geodynamic modelling philosophies. (a) Specific modelling and (b) generic modelling have different scientific goals and need to be used, communicated, and reviewed differently.

  • Creator: Fabio Crameri
  • This version: 12.11.2021
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: This graphic by Fabio Crameri from van Zelst et al. (2021) is available via the open-access s-ink.org repository.
  • Related reference: van Zelst, I., F. Crameri, A.E. Pusok, A.C. Glerum, J. Dannberg, C. Thieulot (2022), 101 geodynamic modelling: how to design, interpret, and communicate numerical studies of the solid Earth, Solid Earth, 13, 583–637, doi:10.5194/se-13-583-2022
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