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Category: Conceptual illustrations

Conceptual illustrations in science are “freehand” drawings to portray certain concepts qualitatively. Instead of directly representing data, they are visualising the current knowledge.

UK Wintertime multi-hazard risk

Illustration of plausible effects when the activity of hazard(s) switches between climatologically controlled modes of behaviour, based on Great Britain.

Illustration of plausible effects when the activity of hazard(s) switches between climatologically controlled modes of behaviour, based on Great Britain. The impact-centric conceptualisation of the multi-hazard system (left-hand side panel) with two hazard modes, each associated with a dominant wind direction (blue arrows), that drive six hazards (circles). Rail infrastructure (red) is exposed to all six hazards, whilst (re)insurance (orange) is primarily concerned with only two in Mode 2. Losses in terms of magnitude and frequency (right-hand side panel), are illustrated with rare ‘worst cases’ on the righthand side (grey band). A conventional view that does not consider dependencies (grey line) might underestimate risk if two perils (e.g. flood and wind) compound. However, where exposed assets are subject to hazards driven by two opposing modes (red line) compounding effects are suppressed, so care is needed to avoid overestimating risk. Solid arrows represent effect magnitudes seen within the Network Rail loss data, with dashed ones indicating plausible stronger effects.

  • Creator: John Hillier
  • This version: 05.05.2023
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: This graphics by John Hillier from Hillier et al. (2020) are available via the open-access s-Ink.org repository.
  • Related reference: Hillier, J. K. , Matthews, T., Wilby, R., Murphy, C. (2020) Multi-hazard dependencies can increase or decrease risk Nature Climate Change, 10, 595–598 doi:10.1038/s41558-020-0832-y

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Earth’s magnetic field (collection)

A graphics collection representing multiple interesting aspects related to the Earth’s magnetic field.

A graphics collection representing multiple interesting aspects related to the Earth’s magnetic field. These include the following: 1) Rocks can capture the Earth’s magnetic field when they are formed; 2) The Earth’s magnetic field protects us from solar storms; 3) The magnetic and geographic poles of the Earth are not currently in the same location; 4) The magnetic poles of the Earth have switched position many times in the past; 5) The frequency of reversals is highly variable; 6) Reversals are not linked to biologic extinction events; 7) The Earth’s magnetic field of the past can be used to reconstruct plate tectonics.

  • Creator: Annique van der Boon
  • This version: 03.05.2023
  • License: Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
  • Specific citation: These graphics by Annique van der Boon from van der Boon (2019) are available via the open-access s-Ink.org repository.
  • Related reference: A. van der Boon (2019), 10 things you might not know about Earth’s magnetic field, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.17119.82089
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Earth’s magnetic field (overview)

Schematics outlining key elements of the Earth’s magnetic field that is produced in the hot, liquid Outer Core, varies in strength, and even reverses multiple times through the planet’s evolution.

Schematics outlining key elements of the Earth’s magnetic field that is produced in the hot, liquid Outer Core, varies in strength, and even reverses multiple times through the planet’s evolution.

  • Creator: Annique van der Boon
  • This version: 02.05.2023
  • License: Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
  • Specific citation: These graphics by Annique van der Boon from van der Boon (2019) are available via the open-access s-Ink.org repository.
  • Related reference: A. van der Boon (2019), 10 things you might not know about Earth’s magnetic field, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.17119.82089
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Subduction forces and flow pattern

Conceptual illustration for the basic forces and mantle flow pattern around subduction zones.

Conceptual illustration for the basic forces and mantle flow pattern around subduction zones. The forces indicated are: F_rp: Ridge push; F_sp: Slab pull; F_nb: Negative Buoyancy of the subducting lithosphere; F_ts: Trench suction. Resisting forces: R_d (c/o) mantle drag; R_s-c: Resistance at the subduction interface; R_b: Bending resistance; R_s: Mantle resistance on the slab; R_r: Mantle resistance on the ridge.

  • Creator: Ágnes Király
  • This version: 19.04.2023
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: These graphics by Ágnes Király based on Forsyth and Uyeda (1975) are available via the open-access s-Ink.org repository.
  • Related reference: Forsyth, D., & Uyeda, S. (1975). On the relative importance of the driving forces of plate motion. Geophysical Journal International, 43(1), 163-200.
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Tectonic and mantle convection regimes

Conceptual illustration of different styles (regimes) of tectonics and mantle convection, which are relevant for rocky planets.

Conceptual illustration of different styles (regimes) of tectonics and mantle convection, which are relevant for rocky planets. A planet in “stagnant-lid” regime is covered by a single plate, without any plate boundaries and little to no surface motion. Today, this is likely the case for Mars. A planet evolving in a “heat-pipe” regime, such as Jupiter’s moon Io, is characterised by vertical channels through the lithosphere through which magma erupts to the surface in the form of volcanism. In a “mobile lid” style planet, the multiple cold surface plates are continuously in motion, often with differing (usually higher) velocities than the mantle below. Earth’s ocean-plate tectonics is a subcategory of such a mobile-lid regime, marked by narrow plate boundaries at which plates are either created or recycled back into the mantle. The “squishy-lid” regime is characterised by a strong surface plate that is regionally weakened and deformed by intrusive magmatism. Venus is commonly considered to be in a squishy-lid mantle regime.

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Planetary spheres

The interiors of rocky planets and the Moon represented by 100-km depth contours outlining the basic compositional structure.

The interiors of rocky planets and the Moon represented by 100-km depth contours outlining the basic compositional structure. Represented are the rocky planetary bodies Earth, with its Moon, Mars, Venus, and Mercury.

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Science communication

Schematic overview of the field and the actors of science communication.

Schematic overview of the field and the actors communicating science. Science communication is informing, educating, raising awareness of science-related topics, and increasing the sense of wonder about scientific discoveries and arguments. Science communicators and audiences are ambiguously defined and the expertise and level of science knowledge varies with each group. The two types of science communication are outward-facing (or science outreach; science journalism and science exhibition typically conducted by scientists or science journalists to non-expert audiences) and inward-facing (or science “inreach”; scholarly communication and publication in scientific journals via expert to expert communication).

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Earth’s mantle heterogeneity theories

Conceptual model sketches for proposed compositional structures of Earth’s mantle, including “Marble cake”, “Thermo-chemical piles”, and “Mid-mantle blobs” theories.

Conceptual model sketches for proposed compositional structures of Earth’s mantle. The “Marble cake” theory emphasises that much of Earth’s mantle is made out of recycled oceanic lithosphere (dark and light) slivers that are preserved throughout the mantle. The “Thermo-chemical piles” theory suggests that intrinsically dense materials may accumulate as piles atop the core–mantle boundary. In particular, the two large low-shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs) in the deep Earth are commonly thought to have resisted mantle mixing due to their thermochemical origin. The “mid-mantle blobs” theory emphasises large, compositionally-different domains that may be located in the mid-mantle of the Earth, with mantle convection being accommodated around them. Red triangles at the surface represent volcanism.

  • Creator: Anna Gülcher
  • This version: 17.12.2022
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: These graphics by Anna Gülcher from Gülcher et al. (2021) are available via the open-access s-Ink.org repository.
  • Related reference: Gülcher, A. J. P., Ballmer, M. D., and Tackley, P. J. (2021), Coupled dynamics and evolution of primordial and recycled heterogeneity in Earth’s lower mantle, Solid Earth, 12, 2087–2107, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2087-2021
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Crops and cover crops collection

A schematic collection of common crops and cover crops by Schroeder (2022).

A schematic collection of common crops and cover crops by Schroeder (2022). The growing collection includes vector graphics for Barley (Hordeum vulgare), Maize (Zea mays), Oilradish (Raphanus sativus var oleiformis), Potato (Solanum tuberosum), Rapeseed (Brassica napus), and others.

These graphics were encouraged by iEarth 2022 seed funds.

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