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Tag: Maps

Discover detailed maps of Earth and other planets on s-Ink.org. Explore tectonic plate boundaries, Pangea reconstructions, Mars topography, ocean temperatures, magnetic anomalies, Moho depth, and seismic activity—scientifically accurate visuals designed for geoscience communication, education, and exploration.

Global monthly precipitation (2022)

Amount of monthly accumulated precipitation for global land surfaces animated for the year 2022.

Amount of monthly accumulated precipitation for global land surfaces animated for the year 2022. Data is openly shared by TerraClimate: WorldClim v2.0 (2.5m), CRU Ts4.0, JRA-55. The Scientific colour map ‘navia‘ is used to represent data accurately and to all readers.

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Global precipitation climatology

Global map of the the average amount of precipitation that falls in the world each year.

Global map of the the average amount of precipitation that falls in the world each year. These long-term averages can be compared to short-term precipitation events to see how much they deviate, which allows to quantify the severity of extreme precipitation events and droughts. Departures from the climatology are a key way of understanding our changing weather patterns. Data is based on NASA’s IMERG Grand Average Climatology and given in millimetres per year, spanning the time period between June 2000 and May 2019. The Scientific colour map ‘navia‘ is used to represent data accurately and to all readers.

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Paleotopography

Reconstruction of the Earth’s surface paleotopography and paleobathymetry between present day and 540 Million years ago as still images.

Reconstruction of the Earth’s surface paleotopography and paleobathymetry between present day and 540 Million years ago as still images. Shown is the Scotese & Wright (2018) paleo-digital elevation model (PaleoDEMS) based on tectonic plate reconstruction. The Scientific colour map ‘bukavu‘ is used to represent data accurately and to all readers.

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Paleotopography (animated)

Animated reconstruction of the Earth’s surface paleotopography and paleobathymetry between present day and 540 Million years ago.

Animated reconstruction of the Earth’s surface paleotopography and paleobathymetry between present day and 540 Million years ago. Shown is the Scotese & Wright (2018) paleo-digital elevation model (PaleoDEMS) based on tectonic plate reconstruction. The Scientific colour map ‘bukavu‘ is used to represent data accurately and to all readers.

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Oceanic plate age

Colour-blind friendly global oceanic plate age maps with plate boundaries.

Colour-blind friendly global oceanic plate age maps with subdution zones (wide black lines), other plate boundaries (thin black lines), and volcanoes (grey triangles). The ages vary between 0 and around 200 Ma due to ongoing plate motion and recycling (i.e., ocean-plate tectonics). The global oceanic plate age data from Müller et al. (1997) visualised on a custom Interrupted Mollweide map projection from Crameri et al. (2020a) focussing on the World’s oceans. The Scientific colour map ‘batlow‘ is used to represent data accurately and to all readers (Crameri et al., 2020b).

  • Creator: Fabio Crameri
  • This version: 03.09.2023
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: This graphic by Fabio Crameri using data from Müller et al. (1997) is available via the open-access s-ink.org repository.
  • Related references:
    Müller, R. D., et al. (1997). “Digital isochrons of the world’s ocean floor.” J. Geophys. Res. 102(B2): 3211-3214.
    Crameri, F., V. Magni, M. Domeier, G.E. Shephard, K. Chotalia, G. Cooper, C. Eakin, A.G. Grima, D. Gürer, A. Király, E. Mulyukova, K. Peters, B. Robert, and M. Thielmann (2020a), A transdisciplinary and community-driven database to unravel subduction zone initiation, Nature Communications, 11, 3750. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17522-9
    Crameri, F., G.E. Shephard, and P.J. Heron (2020b), The misuse of colour in science communication, Nature Communications, 11, 5444. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19160-7
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World countries CO2 emissions

The World’s countries’ CO2 emissions per capita and year, for the year 2018.

The World’s countries’ carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per capita and year, for the year 2018, driving climate change. Shown is the CAIT data, which is available on climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions. The Scientific colour map ‘bilbao‘ is used to represent data accurately and to all readers.

  • Creator: Fabio Crameri
  • This version: 01.11.2021
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: This graphic by Fabio Crameri based on CAIT data (Climate Watch, 2020) is available via the open-access s-Ink repository.
  • Related reference: Climate Watch, 2020, GHG Emissions, Washington, DC: World Resources Institute
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Seismic mantle tomography maps

Surface projected global horizontal seismic S-wave velocity anomaly maps for different mantle depths revealing the two large low shear-wave velocity provinces (LLSVPs).

Surface projected global horizontal seismic S-wave velocity anomaly maps for different mantle depths revealing the two large low shear-wave velocity provinces (LLSVPs) below the Pacific (named Jason) and Africa (named Tuzo). Shown is the S10MEAN model based on Doubrovine et al. (2016) averaging 10 tomography models allowing to compare relative variations in S-wave velocity. The Scientific colour map ‘batlow‘ is used to represent data accurately and to all readers.

  • Creator: Fabio Crameri
  • This version: 31.10.2021
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: This graphic by Fabio Crameri based on data compiled by Doubrovine et al. (2016) is available via the open-access s-Ink repository.
  • Related references: Doubrovine, P. V., Steinberger, B., and Torsvik, T. H. (2016), A failure to reject: Testing the correlation between large igneous provinces and deep mantle structures with EDF statistics, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 17, 1130– 1163, doi:10.1002/2015GC006044.
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S-wave velocity maps

Global horizontal S-wave seismic velocity anomaly maps for different upper-mantle depths.

Global horizontal S-wave seismic velocity anomaly maps for different upper-mantle depths highlighting the variable base topography of the surface plates with seismically fast, deep continental roots and cratons reaching far down into the mantle. Shown is the average of two upper-mantle seismic tomography models, SL2013sv (Schaeffer & Lebedev, 2013) and 3D2016_09Sv (Debayle et al., 2016). The Scientific colour map ‘batlow‘ is used to represent data accurately and to all readers.

  • Creator: Fabio Crameri
  • This version: 30.10.2021
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: This graphic by Fabio Crameri based on data compiled on SubMachine (Hosseini et al., 2018) is available via the open-access s-Ink repository.
  • Related references:
    · Hosseini, K. , Matthews, K. J., Sigloch, K. , Shephard, G. E., Domeier, M. and Tsekhmistrenko, M. (2018), SubMachine: Web-Based tools for exploring seismic tomography and other models of Earth’s deep interior. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 19. doi:10.1029/2018GC007431
    · Debayle, E., Dubuffet, F., and Durand, S. (2016), An automatically updated S-wave model of the upper mantle and the depth extent of azimuthal anisotropy, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 674– 682, doi:10.1002/2015GL067329.
    · A. J. Schaeffer, S. Lebedev, Global shear speed structure of the upper mantle and transition zone, Geophysical Journal International, Volume 194, Issue 1, July 2013, Pages 417–449, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt095
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Lithosphere thickness map

Global maps displaying lateral variations in lithosphere thickness across the surface of the Earth.

Global maps displaying lateral variations in lithosphere thickness across the surface of the Earth. Oceanic lithosphere is assigned a thickness proportional to the square root of its age (ages are taken from Müller et al., 1997). For continental areas, characteristic thickness is determined following the method of Gung et al. (2003), who employ the maximum depth for which the seismic velocity anomaly (as determined using the seismic tomography model S20RTSb of Ritsema et al., 2004) is consistently greater than +2%. Moreover, a 100-km thickness is imposed as the minimum continental and maximum oceanic characteristic thickness. It should be kept in mind that material properties such as viscosity vary continuously throughout the depth of the lithosphere, so the definition of thickness may vary. The presented model does not assume any particular definition, but instead characterises lateral variations in layer thickness (see Conrad and Lithogow-Bertelloni, 2006). The Scientific colour map ‘acton‘ is used to represent data accurately and to all readers.

  • Creator: Fabio Crameri
  • This version: 25.10.2021
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: This graphic by Fabio Crameri based on data by Conrad & Lithgow-Bertelloni (2006) is available via the open-access s-ink.org repository.
  • Related reference: Conrad, C.P., and C. Lithgow-Bertelloni (2006), Influence of continental roots and asthenosphere on plate-mantle coupling, Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L05312, doi:10.1029/2005GL025621.
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