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Tag: Maps

Discover detailed maps of Earth and other planets on s-Ink.org. Explore tectonic plate boundaries, Pangea reconstructions, Mars topography, ocean temperatures, magnetic anomalies, Moho depth, and seismic activity—scientifically accurate visuals designed for geoscience communication, education, and exploration.

Heat flow map

Global maps of the solid Earth’s surface heat flow based on Davies (2013).

Global maps of the solid Earth’s surface heat flow based on Davies (2013). Relying on over 38,000 measurements, the map is a combination of three components. First, in regions of young ocean crust (<67.7 Ma), the model estimate uses a half-space conduction model based on the age of the oceanic crust, since it is well known that raw data measurements are frequently influenced by significant hydrothermal circulation. Second, in other regions of data coverage, the estimate is based on data measurements. At the map resolution, these two categories (young ocean & data covered) cover 65% of Earth’s surface. Third, for all other regions the estimate is based on the assumption that there is a correlation between heat flow and geology. This assumption is assessed and the correlation is found to provide a minor improvement over assuming that heat flow would be represented by the global average.

The Scientific colour map ‘lipari‘ is used to represent data accurately and to all readers.

  • Creator: Fabio Crameri
  • Original version: 25.10.2021
  • This version: 10.05.2023
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: This graphic by Fabio Crameri based on Davies (2013) is available via the open-access s-ink.org repository.
  • Related reference: Davies, J. H. (2013), Global map of solid Earth surface heat flow, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 14, 4608– 4622, doi:10.1002/ggge.20271.
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Paleo surface topography

Earth’s reconstructed global surface topography from the beginning of the Cenozoic era (66 Million years ago) until today.

Still images of the Earth’s global surface topography reconstructed through the Cenozoic time (66 – 0 Ma). Shown is the Straume et al. (2020) paleogeography model. The Scientific colour map ‘bukavu‘ is used to represent data accurately and to all readers.

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Paleo surface topography (animated)

Animations of the Earth’s global surface topography reconstructed through the Cenozoic time (66 – 0 Ma).

Animations of the Earth’s global surface topography reconstructed through the Cenozoic time (66 – 0 Ma). Shown is the Straume et al. (2020) paleogeography model. The Scientific colour map ‘bukavu‘ is used to represent data accurately and to all readers.

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Global volcano distribution

Global distribution of active and inactive volcanoes as compiled in the NCEI Volcano Location Database.

Global distribution map of active and inactive volcanoes as compiled in the NCEI Volcano Location Database available at https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/volcano/loc-data.

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Historic earthquake distribution

Global distribution map of large 5.8+ magnitude historic earthquakes derived from seismic wave measurements.

Global map showing the distribution of large 5.8+ magnitude historic earthquakes derived from seismic wave measurements after the compilation by Hayes (2018). Shown are individual epicentres coloured by depth. For a nice looking poster graphic, see s-ink.org/earthquake-distribution-map-poster .

The Scientific colour map ‘oslo‘ is used to represent earthquake depth accurately and to all readers.

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Mars topography (globe animation)

Animated Martian surface topography on the globe.

Martian surface topography globe animation. Shown is the digital elevation model (available from https://astrogeology.usgs.gov) based on Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data (MOLA; Smith et al. 1999) obtained on NASA’s Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft (Albee et al. 2001). The Scientific colour map ‘lajolla‘ is used to represent data accurately and to all readers.

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Geoid

Global maps of the Geoid height, which is the difference of an imaginary sea level surface to a perfect ellipsoid.

Global maps of the Geoid height, which is the difference of an imaginary sea level surface that in fact has a wavy surface over all of the Earth, to a perfect ellipsoid. The rendered data is based on EGM2008 (Pavlis et al., 2012). The Scientific colour map ‘vik‘ is used to represent data accurately and to all readers.

  • Creator: Fabio Crameri
  • This version: 19.09.2021
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: This graphic by Fabio Crameri is available via the open-access s-Ink repository.
  • Related references: Nikolaos K. Pavlis, Simon A. Holmes, Steve C. Kenyon, John K. Factor; 2012, EGM2008: The development and evaluation of the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008) -Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (1978-2012) Volume 117, Issue B4, April 2012. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008916
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Surface topography (relief)

Global maps of the Earth’s surface topography showing the bedrock elevation across oceans, land, and ice sheets.

Global maps of the Earth’s surface topography showing the bedrock elevation across oceans, land, and ice sheets. Shown is ETOPO1 (Amante and Eakins 2009), a 1 arc-minute global relief model of Earth’s surface that integrates land topography and ocean bathymetry. The Scientific colour map ‘bukavu‘ is used to represent data accurately and to all readers.

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Tectonic plates (relief)

Global maps of tectonic plates of the Earth, consisting of 56 individual plates named according to abbreviations given in Argus et al. (2011).

Tectonic plates map of the Earth, consisting of 56 individual plates named according to abbreviations given in Argus et al. (2011). The Earth’s lithosphere, the rigid outer shell of the planet including the crust and part of the upper mantle, is fractured into about eight major plates and more minor tectonic plates. The relative movement of the plates typically ranges from zero to 10 cm annually. This relative motion causes different deformation at the plate boundaries, which can be grouped into convergence, divergence, and strike-slip motion. At divergent plate boundaries (i.e., spreading ridges), tectonic plates are created, whereas at convergent boundaries (i.e., subduction zones), tectonic plates are recycled back into the Earth’s mantle. Due to their strong deformation, those tectonic plate boundaries are the most common sites for earthquakes and volcanoes.

The Scientific colour map ‘batlow‘ is used to represent individual plates to all readers on this tectonic plates map.

  • Creator: Fabio Crameri
  • This version: 10.09.2021
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: This graphic by Fabio Crameri from Crameri et al. (2020) is available via the open-access s-ink.org repository.
  • Related references:
    Argus, D. F., R. G. Gordon, and C. DeMets (2011), Geologically current motion of 56 plates relative to the no‐net‐rotation reference frame, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 12, Q11001, doi:10.1029/2011GC003751.
    Bird, P. (2003), An updated digital model of plate boundaries, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 4(3), 1027, doi:10.1029/ 2001GC000252.
    Crameri, F., G.E. Shephard, and E.O. Straume (2022, Pre-print), Effective high-quality science graphics from s-Ink.org, EarthArXiv, https://doi.org/10.31223/X51P78
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