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Tag: Geodynamics

Subduction zone initiation reconstructions

Subduction zone initiation (SZI) reconstructions for selected events since around 100 Ma. The reconstructed events are based on the whole Earth Sciences community point-of-view of the SZI database.

Subduction zone initiation (SZI) reconstructions for selected events since around 100 Ma. The reconstructed events are based on the whole Earth Sciences community point-of-view of the SZI database (www.SZIdatabase.org). Represented are SZI events of the Pacific subduction realm (Ryukyu at around 6 Ma, Philippine at around 9 Ma, New Hebrides-New Britain at around 10 Ma, Halmahera at around 16 Ma, Tonga-Kermadec at around 48 Ma, and Izu-Bonin-Mariana at around 52 Ma) and remaining SZI events (South-Sandwich at around 40 Ma, Cascadia at around 48 Ma, Lesser Antilles at around 49 Ma, Sunda-Java at around 50 Ma, Aleutian at around 53 Ma, and the two SZI events, Anatolia and Oman, at around 104 Ma). Shown are the new subduction zones (pink lines), other active (solid purple lines) and inactive (dashed purple lines) subduction zones, spreading ridges (solid red lines) and transform faults (red dashed lines).

  • Creator: Valentina Magni
  • This version: 15.11.2022
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: This graphic by Valentina Magni from Crameri et al. (2020) is available via the open-access s-Ink repository.
  • Related reference: Crameri, F., V. Magni, M. Domeier, G.E. Shephard, K. Chotalia, G. Cooper, C. Eakin, A.G. Grima, D. Gürer, A. Király, E. Mulyukova, K. Peters, B. Robert, and M. Thielmann (2020), A transdisciplinary and community-driven database to unravel subduction zone initiation, Nature Communications, 11, 3750. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17522-9
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Puysegur trench formation

A schematic highlighting the formation of the Puysegur trench, New Zealand, where subduction zone initiation may be both horizontally and then vertically driven, according to a 4D evolution model of this margin.

A schematic highlighting the formation of the Puysegur trench, New Zealand, where subduction zone initiation may be both horizontally and then vertically driven, according to a 4D evolution model of this margin. Its gradual evolution from north to south represents a pseudo-temporal sequence of a forming subduction zone, which naturally spans a few millions of years. In the northern segment, where subduction nucleated, horizontal forces may have dominated, representative of the early stages of subduction initiation. With time, vertical forces took over, propagating along the evolving megathrust and helping to finally form a self-sustaining subduction zone.

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Governing equations

The governing equations of numerical modelling include conservation of mass, momentum, and energy with different types of rheology.

The governing equations of geodynamic numerical modelling include conservation of mass, momentum, and energy with different types of rheology. ρ is the density, t is time, v the velocity vector, σ the stress tensor, g the gravitational acceleration vector, Cp the heat capacity, T the temperature, k the thermal conductivity, H a volumetric heat production term (e.g., due to radioactive decay) and the term S = S + S2 + S3 accounts for friction heating, adiabatic heating, and the release or consumption of latent heat (e.g., associated with phase changes), respectively. Note that the plastic rheology depicted here is the geodynamic approximation of brittle failure.

  • Creator: Fabio Crameri
  • This version: 19.01.2022
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: This graphic by Fabio Crameri from van Zelst et al. (2021) is available via the open-access s-ink.org repository.
  • Related reference: van Zelst, I., F. Crameri, A.E. Pusok, A.C. Glerum, J. Dannberg, C. Thieulot (2022), 101 geodynamic modelling: how to design, interpret, and communicate numerical studies of the solid Earth, Solid Earth, 13, 583–637, doi:10.5194/se-13-583-2022
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Subduction zone initiation types

Illustration of the three types of subduction zone initiation (SZI) events, namely Newly destructive, Episodic subduction, and Polarity reversal.

Illustration of the three types of subduction zone initiation (SZI) events. As outlined in Crameri et al. (2020), the SZI type is either Newly destructive (a subduction fault establishing from an intact-plate portion or some sort of non-subduction-related plate weakness), Episodic subduction (a subduction fault establishing at the same location following a previous, yet terminated subduction zone with the same polarity), or Polarity reversal (formation of a new subduction fault with opposite polarity to the fault of the pre-existing, terminating subduction zone).

  • Creator: Fabio Crameri
  • This version: 24.10.2021
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: This graphic by Fabio Crameri from Crameri et al. (2020) is available via the open-access s-Ink repository.
  • Related reference: Crameri, F., V. Magni, M. Domeier, G.E. Shephard, K. Chotalia, G. Cooper, C. Eakin, A.G. Grima, D. Gürer, A. Király, E. Mulyukova, K. Peters, B. Robert, and M. Thielmann (2020), A transdisciplinary and community-driven database to unravel subduction zone initiation, Nature Communications, 11, 3750. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17522-9
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Subduction initiation forcing

The illustration depicts two endmember states in subduction zone initiation: vertically-forced and horizontally-forced subduction initiation.

Illustration of the two endmember states forcing a new subduction zone. The two endmember forcing states characterising subduction zone initiation (SZI) can be described as either vertically-forced or horizontally-forced. As outlined in Crameri et al. (2020), the dominant forcing is either—but never exclusively—vertical (i.e., some combination of plate buoyancy force, the force from any surface load, and vertical mantle-flow force), or horizontal (i.e., some combination of tectonic force and horizontal mantle-flow force).

  • Creator: Fabio Crameri
  • This version: 24.10.2021
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: This graphic by Fabio Crameri from Crameri et al. (2020) is available via the open-access s-Ink repository.
  • Related reference: Crameri, F., V. Magni, M. Domeier, G.E. Shephard, K. Chotalia, G. Cooper, C. Eakin, A.G. Grima, D. Gürer, A. Király, E. Mulyukova, K. Peters, B. Robert, and M. Thielmann (2020), A transdisciplinary and community-driven database to unravel subduction zone initiation, Nature Communications, 11, 3750. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17522-9
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Deformation mechanisms

The three deformation mechanisms viscous, elastic, and brittle (a.k.a. plastic).

Icons representing the three deformation mechanisms viscous, elastic, and brittle (a.k.a. plastic).

  • Creator: Fabio Crameri
  • This version: 22.09.2021
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: This graphic by Fabio Crameri from van Zelst et al. (2021) is available via the open-access s-ink.org repository.
  • Related reference: van Zelst, I., F. Crameri, A.E. Pusok, A.C. Glerum, J. Dannberg, C. Thieulot (2022), 101 geodynamic modelling: how to design, interpret, and communicate numerical studies of the solid Earth, Solid Earth, 13, 583–637, doi:10.5194/se-13-583-2022
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Geodynamic scales

Spatial and temporal scales of common geodynamic processes, which occur over a wide range of time and length scales.

Spatial and temporal scales of common geodynamic processes, which occur over a wide range of time and length scales. The Scientific colour map ‘batlow‘ is used to represent the space-time areas of individual processes to all readers.

  • Creator: Fabio Crameri
  • This version: 07.09.2021
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: This graphic by Fabio Crameri from van Zelst et al. (2021) is available via the open-access s-ink.org repository.
  • Related reference: van Zelst, I., F. Crameri, A.E. Pusok, A.C. Glerum, J. Dannberg, C. Thieulot (2022), 101 geodynamic modelling: how to design, interpret, and communicate numerical studies of the solid Earth, Solid Earth, 13, 583–637, doi:10.5194/se-13-583-2022
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