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Tag: Plate boundary

Continental rift evolution (animation)

Continental rift evolution—from inception to breakup—accounting for surface processes and tectonic deformation.

Continental rift evolution—from inception to breakup—accounting for surface processes and tectonic deformation. Shown is the rifting evolution of a regional 3-D model covering upper crust, lower crust, and mantle lithosphere atop an asthenospheric layer. The rift fault network evolves through five major phases: (a) distributed deformation and coalescence, (b) fault system growth, (c) fault system decline and basinward localization, (d) rift migration, and (e) breakup. Sediments not only interact with tectonic deformation but they also record subsidence, block rotation, and rift migration. The visualisation is based on coupled numerical models of geodynamics (ASPECT) and landscape evolution (FastScape). The animation is based on the reference model of Neuharth et al., 2022.

  • Creator: Sascha Brune and Derek Neuharth
  • Original version: 26.05.2024
  • This version: 27.11.2024
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: These animation Sascha Brune and Derek Neuharth is based on Neuharth et al. (2022) and available via the open-access s-ink.org repository.
  • Related reference: Neuharth, D., Brune, S., Wrona, T., Glerum, A., Braun, J., & Yuan, X. (2022). Evolution of Rift Systems and Their Fault Networks in Response to Surface Processes. Tectonics, 41(3), e2021TC007166. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021TC007166

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Subduction diversity

Subduction diversity on the Earth represented by variable observed parameters.

Subduction diversity on the Earth represented by variable observed parameters. Shown are individual data points (transparent circles) together with their standard deviation, mean and median for ocean-ocean (blue) and ocean-continent (brown) subduction zones. While the minimum bending radii are compiled from Buffett and Heuret (2011), the remaining data are extracted from the compilation of Lallemand et al. (2005).

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Transform plate boundary

Illustration of a transform plate boundary on the Earth accommodating the relative motion of the plates by side-by-side (i.e., strike-slip) motion.

Illustration of a transform plate boundary on the Earth accommodating the relative motion of the plates by side-by-side (i.e., strike-slip) motion. It is one of three general types of plate boundaries.

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Divergent plate boundary

Illustration of a divergent plate boundary on the Earth accommodating the relative motion of the plates by plate formation.

Illustration of a divergent plate boundary on the Earth accommodating the relative motion of the plates by plate formation. It is one of three general types of plate boundaries. Divergent plate boundaries are, usually, characterised by a straight, but laterally offset, shape.

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Convergent plate boundary

Illustration of a convergent plate boundary on the Earth accommodating the relative motion of the plates by plate subduction and characterised by an arcuate shape.

Illustration of a convergent plate boundary on the Earth accommodating the relative motion of the plates by plate subduction. It is one of three general types of plate boundaries. Both convergent plate boundary and corresponding subduction zone have, usually, a characteristic arcuate (i.e., concave toward the upper plate) shape due to interaction with mantle flow.

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Plate boundaries & Euler pole

Illustration of how plates move across the Earth featuring the Euler pole and plate boundary end-members.

Illustration of how plates move across the Earth. The motion of (almost) rigid surface portions on a sphere can be described by a rotation around a rotation axis, which cuts the surface at the so-called Euler pole. This relative motion of the plates is mainly accommodated by localised deformation at plate boundaries. Three general types of plate boundaries exist: transform plate boundaries allow the plates to move alongside each other, and convergent and divergent plate boundaries allow for plate destruction and creation, respectively. Transform and divergent plate boundaries are almost straight features, but spreading ridges are generally offset laterally by transform intersections. Subduction zones are usually arcuate (i.e., concave toward the upper plate) due to interaction with mantle flow. Variations of these plate boundaries exist depending on the given combination of upper and lower plate nature (i.e., continental or oceanic).

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