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Author: Fabio Crameri

Slab-gap dynamics

Sketch of an evolution of an opening and sinking slab gap during oceanic subduction and the resulting surrounding mantle flow.

Evolution of an opening and sinking slab gap during oceanic subduction. This conclusive image is based on analog models of subduction, where the slab surface was monitored by 3-D scanning and the mantle flow was imaged using PIV technique. The opening slab gap allows mantle to flow from the sub-slab area to the mantle wedge area. However, this flow might only have an effect on the surface when the slab gap is near-surface and has a significant vertical extent.

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Volcanic arc creation

A conceptual view of a volcanic arc growing through the evolution of magmatism in subduction zones controlled by fluid and melt fluxes.

A series of schematic cartoons (both as still and animated images) to show how a volcanic arc grows through the evolution of magmatism in subduction zones controlled by fluid and melt fluxes.

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Deep geologic water cycle

A schematic cartoon of the deep water cycle in the Earth’s mantle.

A schematic cartoon of the deep water cycle. Water percolates through the oceanic tectonic plates at the surface, hydrating the oceanic crust and lithospheric mantle below it. When the oceanic plates subduct, part of the water is released at shallow depths (<250 km) into the mantle wedge above the slab. This triggers mantle melting and the formation of volcanic arcs at the surface, in the overriding plate. The rest of the water stays in the slab and is carried deep down into the mantle. Depending on the subduction dynamics, this water can either be released at the mantle transition zone (410-660 km), where large amount of water can be stored in nominally anhydrous minerals, or go even deeper, up to the core-mantle boundary. Part of the water present in the mantle can then be released at the surface again by melt at intraplate volcanoes and mid-ocean ridges as it is transported by plumes and mantle convection.

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Paleo surface topography (globe animation)

Animation of the Earth’s surface topography through the Cenozoic time (66 – 0 Ma) on the globe.

Animation of the Earth’s surface topography through the Cenozoic time (66–0 Ma) on the globe. Shown is the Straume et al. (2020) paleogeography model. The Scientific colour map ‘oleron‘ is used to represent data accurately and to all readers.

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Earth topography (globe animation)

Animations of the Earth’s surface topography on the globe.

Animations of the Earth’s surface topography on the globe. Shown is GEBCO2019 (www.gebco.net) global relief model of Earth’s surface that integrates land topography and ocean bathymetry. The Scientific colour map ‘oleron‘ is used to represent data accurately and to all readers.

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Mercury topography (globe animation)

Globe animations of surface topography of the planet Mercury.

Globe animations of surface topography of the planet Mercury showing data (MESS-H-MDIS-5-DEM-ELEVATION-V1.0) derived from Messenger missions. The Scientific colour map ‘batlow‘ is used to represent data accurately and to all readers.

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Venus topography (globe animation)

Animations of Venusian surface topography on the globe.

Animations of Venusian surface topography on the globe. Shown is the Venus Magellan Global Topography 4641m (v2) representing the version 2 (1997 release) of the Global Topographic Data Record (GTDR-SINUS.3;2) available from https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/search/map/Venus/Magellan/RadarProperties/. The Scientific colour map ‘bilbao‘ is used to represent data accurately and to all readers.

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Mars topography (globe animation)

Animated Martian surface topography on the globe.

Martian surface topography globe animation. Shown is the digital elevation model (available from https://astrogeology.usgs.gov) based on Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data (MOLA; Smith et al. 1999) obtained on NASA’s Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft (Albee et al. 2001). The Scientific colour map ‘lajolla‘ is used to represent data accurately and to all readers.

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Geologic time scale

The colour-vision deficiency friendly geologic time scale from the s-Ink science graphics collection.

The colour-vision deficiency friendly geologic time scale. The Scientific colour map ‘batlow‘ is used to represent individual time periods to all readers.

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