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Heat flow map

Global maps of the solid Earth’s surface heat flow based on Davies (2013).

Global maps of the solid Earth’s surface heat flow based on Davies (2013). Relying on over 38,000 measurements, the map is a combination of three components. First, in regions of young ocean crust (<67.7 Ma), the model estimate uses a half-space conduction model based on the age of the oceanic crust, since it is well known that raw data measurements are frequently influenced by significant hydrothermal circulation. Second, in other regions of data coverage, the estimate is based on data measurements. At the map resolution, these two categories (young ocean & data covered) cover 65% of Earth’s surface. Third, for all other regions the estimate is based on the assumption that there is a correlation between heat flow and geology. This assumption is assessed and the correlation is found to provide a minor improvement over assuming that heat flow would be represented by the global average.

The Scientific colour map ‘lipari‘ is used to represent data accurately and to all readers.

  • Creator: Fabio Crameri
  • Original version: 25.10.2021
  • This version: 10.05.2023
  • License: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Specific citation: This graphic by Fabio Crameri based on Davies (2013) is available via the open-access s-ink.org repository.
  • Related reference: Davies, J. H. (2013), Global map of solid Earth surface heat flow, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 14, 4608– 4622, doi:10.1002/ggge.20271.
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Global volcano distribution

Global distribution of active and inactive volcanoes as compiled in the NCEI Volcano Location Database.

Global distribution map of active and inactive volcanoes as compiled in the NCEI Volcano Location Database available at https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/volcano/loc-data.

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Deep geologic water cycle

A schematic cartoon of the deep water cycle in the Earth’s mantle.

A schematic cartoon of the deep water cycle. Water percolates through the oceanic tectonic plates at the surface, hydrating the oceanic crust and lithospheric mantle below it. When the oceanic plates subduct, part of the water is released at shallow depths (<250 km) into the mantle wedge above the slab. This triggers mantle melting and the formation of volcanic arcs at the surface, in the overriding plate. The rest of the water stays in the slab and is carried deep down into the mantle. Depending on the subduction dynamics, this water can either be released at the mantle transition zone (410-660 km), where large amount of water can be stored in nominally anhydrous minerals, or go even deeper, up to the core-mantle boundary. Part of the water present in the mantle can then be released at the surface again by melt at intraplate volcanoes and mid-ocean ridges as it is transported by plumes and mantle convection.

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